What accounts for the differences in the wealth between rich and poor countries?
Kendall(2005, P 270) defines modernization theory as “a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggest that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth”. According to Rostow, all countries go through four stages, in which very little social change takes place, take-off stage, a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition and achievement in the society, technological maturity, this is a period of improving technology, reinvesting in new industries, and embracing the belief, values and social institution of the high-income, developed nation; and the phase of high mass consumption, which is accompanied by a high standard of living. Kendall (2005, P 274) further defines dependency theory as “the belief that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries”. In this essay I’m going to explain what accounts for the difference in wealth between rich and poor countries and I will be using the two theories that I have defined above to elaborate why I think there’s a difference between rich and poor countries.
“According to the modernization theory, the low-income, less developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s beliefs, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). One of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations was the traditional cultural values people held, in particular the beliefs that are fatalistic in sense that they believe that a situation that a situation cannot change and cannot be avoided, especially the bad ones. In cases like this people do not see any need to work in order to improve their lot in life, which result in their countries being poor because they’re afraid of change and new challenges while in contrast while in contrast the so called rich countries live in a modern way, they challenge their norms when they’re getting in their way of success particularly in business affairs. Unlike the traditional society achievement are associated with the basis of achieved skills and work in the modern society. According to the modernization theory the poor countries “can improve their standards of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s belief, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). In poor countries “material development has been swift, but social and cultural adjustment, which takes much longer, has lagged behind” (Popenoe, 1995, P 502). Poor countries which I would refer to as Third World countries religious orientation and attitudes toward work and even toward prosperity make these nation less responsive to industrialization which Kendall(2005, P 690) defines as “the process by which society are transformed from dependence on agriculture and hand-made products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries”. Another factor that makes Third World economic development distinctive is the serious problem of overpopulation in this part of the world. Many developing countries were already overpopulated when they first began to industrialize, and every step of economic growth has been matched by a jump in population. In other words, sharp increases in population have kept per capita income unchanged even though national productivity has risen. Unfortunately Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans. Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans, they also lack adequate numbers of highly skilled and motivated professionals and technicians, such as engineers, managers, doctors, without whom economic development is likely to succeed. And Third World’s nation states are still very young, for example, “most of Africa’s nation did not become independent until the 1960s, and many are still in the process of establishing their legitimacy, most lack cultural cohesion as well as economic stability, and a few development” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). Whilst on the other hand rich countries have lots of skilled professionals that maintain the economic development.
Many of today’s poor countries are the former colonies whose economic and political structures were once controlled by foreign powers. Although most colonialism has ended, “the nations of the poor countries find themselves locked up into yet another foreign-dominated system, the complex web of global economic and political interdependence”(Popenoe, 1995, P 503). The poor countries seem to have little if any opportunity for self –determination than they had when they were actually colonies. The rich countries are in effect preventing economic development from occurring in the poor countries, they have maintained indirect control over the economic and political life of their former colonial possessions. Little was done to help the poor countries become self-efficient. As a result these societies (of the poor nations) cane to depend on the export of a small number of raw materials and needed to import almost all manufactured goods. When colonial rule ended, very little changed for most Third World people (people in the poor countries).”In recent decades, the advanced capitalist nations have thus shifted their objective from the establishment of new colonies to the attempt to continue to exploit as many of the resources of their former colonies as possible” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). They do this according to the viewpoint of dependency theory which I defined above in the introduction. Dependency theorists see the greed of the rich countries as a source of increasing impoverishments of the poorer nations and their people. The poor nations are trapped in a cycle of structural dependency on the richer nations due to their need for infuses of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, making it impossible for the poor nations to pursue their own economic and human development plans. Kendall(2005, P 274) further states that for this reason, dependency theorists believe that countries such as Brazil, Nigeria, India and Kenya cannot reach sustained economic growth patterns of more advanced capitalist economies. Development in the poor countries will be assisted by innovation transferred from rich countries.
In conclusion I will sum up by saying that dependency theory states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries, whereas modernization theory focuses on how societies can reduce inequality through industrialization and economic development. “Dependency theory makes a positive contribution to our understanding of global poverty by noting that underdevelopment isn’t necessarily the cause of inequality between the poor countries and the richer countries, Instead it points out that exploitation not only for one country by another but of countries by transnational corporations may limit or retard economic growth and human development in some nations” (Kendall, 2005, P 274),
Reference:
Ø Kendall D (2005) Sociology in our times, USA, Thomson Wardsworth
Ø Popenoe D (1995) Sociology, USA, Prentice Hall
What accounts for the differences in the wealth between rich and poor countries?
Kendall(2005, P 270) defines modernization theory as “a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggest that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth”. According to Rostow, all countries go through four stages, in which very little social change takes place, take-off stage, a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition and achievement in the society, technological maturity, this is a period of improving technology, reinvesting in new industries, and embracing the belief, values and social institution of the high-income, developed nation; and the phase of high mass consumption, which is accompanied by a high standard of living. Kendall (2005, P 274) further defines dependency theory as “the belief that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries”. In this essay I’m going to explain what accounts for the difference in wealth between rich and poor countries and I will be using the two theories that I have defined above to elaborate why I think there’s a difference between rich and poor countries.
“According to the modernization theory, the low-income, less developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s beliefs, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). One of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations was the traditional cultural values people held, in particular the beliefs that are fatalistic in sense that they believe that a situation that a situation cannot change and cannot be avoided, especially the bad ones. In cases like this people do not see any need to work in order to improve their lot in life, which result in their countries being poor because they’re afraid of change and new challenges while in contrast while in contrast the so called rich countries live in a modern way, they challenge their norms when they’re getting in their way of success particularly in business affairs. Unlike the traditional society achievement are associated with the basis of achieved skills and work in the modern society. According to the modernization theory the poor countries “can improve their standards of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s belief, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). In poor countries “material development has been swift, but social and cultural adjustment, which takes much longer, has lagged behind” (Popenoe, 1995, P 502). Poor countries which I would refer to as Third World countries religious orientation and attitudes toward work and even toward prosperity make these nation less responsive to industrialization which Kendall(2005, P 690) defines as “the process by which society are transformed from dependence on agriculture and hand-made products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries”. Another factor that makes Third World economic development distinctive is the serious problem of overpopulation in this part of the world. Many developing countries were already overpopulated when they first began to industrialize, and every step of economic growth has been matched by a jump in population. In other words, sharp increases in population have kept per capita income unchanged even though national productivity has risen. Unfortunately Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans. Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans, they also lack adequate numbers of highly skilled and motivated professionals and technicians, such as engineers, managers, doctors, without whom economic development is likely to succeed. And Third World’s nation states are still very young, for example, “most of Africa’s nation did not become independent until the 1960s, and many are still in the process of establishing their legitimacy, most lack cultural cohesion as well as economic stability, and a few development” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). Whilst on the other hand rich countries have lots of skilled professionals that maintain the economic development.
Many of today’s poor countries are the former colonies whose economic and political structures were once controlled by foreign powers. Although most colonialism has ended, “the nations of the poor countries find themselves locked up into yet another foreign-dominated system, the complex web of global economic and political interdependence”(Popenoe, 1995, P 503). The poor countries seem to have little if any opportunity for self –determination than they had when they were actually colonies. The rich countries are in effect preventing economic development from occurring in the poor countries, they have maintained indirect control over the economic and political life of their former colonial possessions. Little was done to help the poor countries become self-efficient. As a result these societies (of the poor nations) cane to depend on the export of a small number of raw materials and needed to import almost all manufactured goods. When colonial rule ended, very little changed for most Third World people (people in the poor countries).”In recent decades, the advanced capitalist nations have thus shifted their objective from the establishment of new colonies to the attempt to continue to exploit as many of the resources of their former colonies as possible” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). They do this according to the viewpoint of dependency theory which I defined above in the introduction. Dependency theorists see the greed of the rich countries as a source of increasing impoverishments of the poorer nations and their people. The poor nations are trapped in a cycle of structural dependency on the richer nations due to their need for infuses of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, making it impossible for the poor nations to pursue their own economic and human development plans. Kendall(2005, P 274) further states that for this reason, dependency theorists believe that countries such as Brazil, Nigeria, India and Kenya cannot reach sustained economic growth patterns of more advanced capitalist economies. Development in the poor countries will be assisted by innovation transferred from rich countries.
In conclusion I will sum up by saying that dependency theory states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries, whereas modernization theory focuses on how societies can reduce inequality through industrialization and economic development. “Dependency theory makes a positive contribution to our understanding of global poverty by noting that underdevelopment isn’t necessarily the cause of inequality between the poor countries and the richer countries, Instead it points out that exploitation not only for one country by another but of countries by transnational corporations may limit or retard economic growth and human development in some nations” (Kendall, 2005, P 274),
Reference:
Ø Kendall D (2005) Sociology in our times, USA, Thomson Wardsworth
Ø Popenoe D (1995) Sociology, USA, Prentice Hall
Kendall(2005, P 270) defines modernization theory as “a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggest that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth”. According to Rostow, all countries go through four stages, in which very little social change takes place, take-off stage, a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition and achievement in the society, technological maturity, this is a period of improving technology, reinvesting in new industries, and embracing the belief, values and social institution of the high-income, developed nation; and the phase of high mass consumption, which is accompanied by a high standard of living. Kendall (2005, P 274) further defines dependency theory as “the belief that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries”. In this essay I’m going to explain what accounts for the difference in wealth between rich and poor countries and I will be using the two theories that I have defined above to elaborate why I think there’s a difference between rich and poor countries.
“According to the modernization theory, the low-income, less developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s beliefs, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). One of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations was the traditional cultural values people held, in particular the beliefs that are fatalistic in sense that they believe that a situation that a situation cannot change and cannot be avoided, especially the bad ones. In cases like this people do not see any need to work in order to improve their lot in life, which result in their countries being poor because they’re afraid of change and new challenges while in contrast while in contrast the so called rich countries live in a modern way, they challenge their norms when they’re getting in their way of success particularly in business affairs. Unlike the traditional society achievement are associated with the basis of achieved skills and work in the modern society. According to the modernization theory the poor countries “can improve their standards of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s belief, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). In poor countries “material development has been swift, but social and cultural adjustment, which takes much longer, has lagged behind” (Popenoe, 1995, P 502). Poor countries which I would refer to as Third World countries religious orientation and attitudes toward work and even toward prosperity make these nation less responsive to industrialization which Kendall(2005, P 690) defines as “the process by which society are transformed from dependence on agriculture and hand-made products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries”. Another factor that makes Third World economic development distinctive is the serious problem of overpopulation in this part of the world. Many developing countries were already overpopulated when they first began to industrialize, and every step of economic growth has been matched by a jump in population. In other words, sharp increases in population have kept per capita income unchanged even though national productivity has risen. Unfortunately Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans. Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans, they also lack adequate numbers of highly skilled and motivated professionals and technicians, such as engineers, managers, doctors, without whom economic development is likely to succeed. And Third World’s nation states are still very young, for example, “most of Africa’s nation did not become independent until the 1960s, and many are still in the process of establishing their legitimacy, most lack cultural cohesion as well as economic stability, and a few development” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). Whilst on the other hand rich countries have lots of skilled professionals that maintain the economic development.
Many of today’s poor countries are the former colonies whose economic and political structures were once controlled by foreign powers. Although most colonialism has ended, “the nations of the poor countries find themselves locked up into yet another foreign-dominated system, the complex web of global economic and political interdependence”(Popenoe, 1995, P 503). The poor countries seem to have little if any opportunity for self –determination than they had when they were actually colonies. The rich countries are in effect preventing economic development from occurring in the poor countries, they have maintained indirect control over the economic and political life of their former colonial possessions. Little was done to help the poor countries become self-efficient. As a result these societies (of the poor nations) cane to depend on the export of a small number of raw materials and needed to import almost all manufactured goods. When colonial rule ended, very little changed for most Third World people (people in the poor countries).”In recent decades, the advanced capitalist nations have thus shifted their objective from the establishment of new colonies to the attempt to continue to exploit as many of the resources of their former colonies as possible” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). They do this according to the viewpoint of dependency theory which I defined above in the introduction. Dependency theorists see the greed of the rich countries as a source of increasing impoverishments of the poorer nations and their people. The poor nations are trapped in a cycle of structural dependency on the richer nations due to their need for infuses of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, making it impossible for the poor nations to pursue their own economic and human development plans. Kendall(2005, P 274) further states that for this reason, dependency theorists believe that countries such as Brazil, Nigeria, India and Kenya cannot reach sustained economic growth patterns of more advanced capitalist economies. Development in the poor countries will be assisted by innovation transferred from rich countries.
In conclusion I will sum up by saying that dependency theory states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries, whereas modernization theory focuses on how societies can reduce inequality through industrialization and economic development. “Dependency theory makes a positive contribution to our understanding of global poverty by noting that underdevelopment isn’t necessarily the cause of inequality between the poor countries and the richer countries, Instead it points out that exploitation not only for one country by another but of countries by transnational corporations may limit or retard economic growth and human development in some nations” (Kendall, 2005, P 274),
Reference:
Ø Kendall D (2005) Sociology in our times, USA, Thomson Wardsworth
Ø Popenoe D (1995) Sociology, USA, Prentice Hall
What accounts for the differences in the wealth between rich and poor countries?
Kendall(2005, P 270) defines modernization theory as “a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggest that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth”. According to Rostow, all countries go through four stages, in which very little social change takes place, take-off stage, a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition and achievement in the society, technological maturity, this is a period of improving technology, reinvesting in new industries, and embracing the belief, values and social institution of the high-income, developed nation; and the phase of high mass consumption, which is accompanied by a high standard of living. Kendall (2005, P 274) further defines dependency theory as “the belief that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries”. In this essay I’m going to explain what accounts for the difference in wealth between rich and poor countries and I will be using the two theories that I have defined above to elaborate why I think there’s a difference between rich and poor countries.
“According to the modernization theory, the low-income, less developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s beliefs, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). One of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations was the traditional cultural values people held, in particular the beliefs that are fatalistic in sense that they believe that a situation that a situation cannot change and cannot be avoided, especially the bad ones. In cases like this people do not see any need to work in order to improve their lot in life, which result in their countries being poor because they’re afraid of change and new challenges while in contrast while in contrast the so called rich countries live in a modern way, they challenge their norms when they’re getting in their way of success particularly in business affairs. Unlike the traditional society achievement are associated with the basis of achieved skills and work in the modern society. According to the modernization theory the poor countries “can improve their standards of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people’s belief, values, and attitude toward work” (Kendall, 2005, P 270). In poor countries “material development has been swift, but social and cultural adjustment, which takes much longer, has lagged behind” (Popenoe, 1995, P 502). Poor countries which I would refer to as Third World countries religious orientation and attitudes toward work and even toward prosperity make these nation less responsive to industrialization which Kendall(2005, P 690) defines as “the process by which society are transformed from dependence on agriculture and hand-made products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries”. Another factor that makes Third World economic development distinctive is the serious problem of overpopulation in this part of the world. Many developing countries were already overpopulated when they first began to industrialize, and every step of economic growth has been matched by a jump in population. In other words, sharp increases in population have kept per capita income unchanged even though national productivity has risen. Unfortunately Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans. Third World countries often lack the political stability and popular support that they need in order to carry out their ambitious plans, they also lack adequate numbers of highly skilled and motivated professionals and technicians, such as engineers, managers, doctors, without whom economic development is likely to succeed. And Third World’s nation states are still very young, for example, “most of Africa’s nation did not become independent until the 1960s, and many are still in the process of establishing their legitimacy, most lack cultural cohesion as well as economic stability, and a few development” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). Whilst on the other hand rich countries have lots of skilled professionals that maintain the economic development.
Many of today’s poor countries are the former colonies whose economic and political structures were once controlled by foreign powers. Although most colonialism has ended, “the nations of the poor countries find themselves locked up into yet another foreign-dominated system, the complex web of global economic and political interdependence”(Popenoe, 1995, P 503). The poor countries seem to have little if any opportunity for self –determination than they had when they were actually colonies. The rich countries are in effect preventing economic development from occurring in the poor countries, they have maintained indirect control over the economic and political life of their former colonial possessions. Little was done to help the poor countries become self-efficient. As a result these societies (of the poor nations) cane to depend on the export of a small number of raw materials and needed to import almost all manufactured goods. When colonial rule ended, very little changed for most Third World people (people in the poor countries).”In recent decades, the advanced capitalist nations have thus shifted their objective from the establishment of new colonies to the attempt to continue to exploit as many of the resources of their former colonies as possible” (Popenoe, 1995, P 503). They do this according to the viewpoint of dependency theory which I defined above in the introduction. Dependency theorists see the greed of the rich countries as a source of increasing impoverishments of the poorer nations and their people. The poor nations are trapped in a cycle of structural dependency on the richer nations due to their need for infuses of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, making it impossible for the poor nations to pursue their own economic and human development plans. Kendall(2005, P 274) further states that for this reason, dependency theorists believe that countries such as Brazil, Nigeria, India and Kenya cannot reach sustained economic growth patterns of more advanced capitalist economies. Development in the poor countries will be assisted by innovation transferred from rich countries.
In conclusion I will sum up by saying that dependency theory states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries, whereas modernization theory focuses on how societies can reduce inequality through industrialization and economic development. “Dependency theory makes a positive contribution to our understanding of global poverty by noting that underdevelopment isn’t necessarily the cause of inequality between the poor countries and the richer countries, Instead it points out that exploitation not only for one country by another but of countries by transnational corporations may limit or retard economic growth and human development in some nations” (Kendall, 2005, P 274),
Reference:
Ø Kendall D (2005) Sociology in our times, USA, Thomson Wardsworth
Ø Popenoe D (1995) Sociology, USA, Prentice Hall
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